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OBJECTIVE：To establish the quality standards of Mongolian medicine Cynanchum thesioides. METHODS ：TLC was used for the qualitative identification of C. thesioides . According to 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopeia （part Ⅳ），the moisture，total ash and ethanol-soluble extract were determined. HPLC method was used to determine the content of thesioideoside in C. thesioides . RESULTS ：TLC spots were clear ，there were same yellow green fluorescent spots on the corresponding position of the sample （C. thesioides ）and control （thesioideoside）. In 22 batches of samples ，contents of moisture were 6.18％-12.97％，total ash were 4.64％-7.95％，ethanol-soluble extract were 12.46％-32.70％. The linear range of thesioideoside were 0.048-3.050 μg（R2＝ 0.999 9）. RSDs of precision ， stability， repeatability and durability tests were all less than 1％ . The recoveries were 104.03％-106.36％（RSD＝0.96％，n＝6）. The contents of thesioideoside in 22 batches of C. thesioides were 0.006 2％-0.130 5％. CONCLUSIONS：It is suggested that the moisture and total ash should not exceed 11.50％ and 7.50％，respectively；the contents of ethanol-soluble extract and the sioideoside are no less than 17.00％ and 0.05％，respectively. The established quality standards can be used for quality control of Mongolian medicine C. thesioides .
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This study was aimed to make clear the origin and clinical applications of the Tibetan medicine "Bangga".Based on the systematical consultation of the Tibetan medical literature documents and the Chinese version,such as The King's Medicine,The Four Medical Tantras,Jing Zhu Materia Medica,the herbal textual research was made on the name,based source,origin and harvesting season,function,indication and etc.of Tibetan medicine "Bangga".The results showed that Tibetan medicine "Bangga" comes from the whole dried plant of Aconitum naviculare Stapf or A.tanguticum (Maxim) Stapf of Ranunculaceae plants.It was concluded that the research on the origin of Tibetan medicine "Bangga" can provide a basis for the application and promotion of quality standards of "Bangga".
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This study was aimed to establish a method to determine the content of phenolic acids in the soil of cultivation base ofCoptis chinensis, in order to study the accumulation and decrease law of phenolic acids. The content of total phenolic acid was determined by ferric chloride-ferricyanatum calcium colorimetric method. Thecontent of ferulic acid in Coptis chinensis was determined by HPLC. The results showed that the contents of total phenolic acid and ferulic acid in the soil of cultivation base of Coptis chinensis were in the range from 0.545-0.026 mg·g-1 and 0.139 to 0.652 μg·g-1, respectively. It was concluded that the variation of phenolic acids in the soil of cultivation base ofCoptis chinensis was obvious. With the increase of growth age of Coptis chinensis, the contents of total phenolic acid and ferulic acid in the soil of cultivation base of Coptis chinensis were increased in the cultivation period. With the increase of fallow age, the contents of total phenolic acid and ferulic acid in the soil of cultivation base ofCoptis chinensis showed decrease tendency in the fallow period of Coptis chinensis. The variation tendency of phenolic acids contents in the soil of cultivation base ofCoptis chinensis can be referred to in the study of the continuous cropping obstacle of Coptis chinensis.
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Tibetan medicineLiu-Wei Mu-Xiang(LWMX) pill, a traditional compound medicine, has special therapeutic effects in the treatment of gastrointestinal anabrosis, especially chronic gastric ulcer. It has been widely applied in the clinics in Tibetan region. Nevertheless, the current standards for quality control are insufficient and incomplete, which makes it difficult to ensure its quality. This review focused on two closely related perspectives, which were the effective material basis and quality control, to summarize and review the recent advancement in relevant studies. This review also pointed out that the burning questions for Tibetan medicine standards were the origin confusion and“different medicines with the same name”. It offered meaningful suggestions for the consideration to improve its quality standards.
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This study was aimed to compare the expectorant and antitussive actions ofPlatycodon grandilforum from different production areas in order to provide references for its cultivation and production. The antitussive activities ofP. grandilforum water extract from different areas were investigated through testing the cough times induced by ammonium hydroxide in mice. And the expectorant activities were studied by testing the amount of tracheal phenolsulfonphthalein excretion in mice. The results showed that the minimum effective dose ofP. grandiflorum fromChifeng of Inner Mongolia was 0.2 g·kg-1. Under this dosage,P. grandiflorum fromChifeng of Inner Mongolia can significantly reduce the cough frequency in mice (P < 0.01), and significantly prolong the cough incubation period in mice (P < 0.01).P. grandiflorum fromSichuan province,Shangzhou ofShaanxi province andChongqing can significantly decrease the cough frequency in mice (P < 0.05). P. grandiflorum from Sichuan province,Shangzhou ofShaanxi province andChifeng of Inner Mongolia can significantly increase the phenolsulfonphthalein excretion quantity in mice (P < 0.05). It was concluded thatP. grandilforum was effective for relieving cough and removing sputum. The effect ofP. grandilforum fromChifeng of Inner Mongolia was obviously stronger than that from other areas.
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The HPLC fingerprint differences ofRadix Platycodonis from different origins were studied to provide references for their quality control and production. The total platycodins were purified by DB101 macroporous resin. HPLC-ELSD fingerprints of the total platycodins for 39 batches ofRadix Platycodonis samples from 9 provinces were performed on an Agilent HC-C8 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5μm) with gradient elution. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.5% acetic acid. The injection volume was 6μL. The flow rate was 0.5 mL·min-1. The temperature of drift tube was set at 90℃. And the gas flow (N2) was set at 1.2 mL·min-1. The results showed that there were large differences in the quality ofRadix Platycodonis from different origins with the common fingerprints of 6 batches of samples fromChifeng in Inner Mongolia as references. The quality ofRadix Platycodonis was closely related to the seeds, the ecological environment, the way of drying and storing and so on. It was concluded that it was important to strengthen the provenance base construction, standardization of the seeds, reasonable formulation of the regionalization, and standardization of the production processing for the cultivation and production ofRadix Platycodonis.
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This study was aimed to establish a method to determine the content of phenolic acids in different parts ofCoptis chinensis, in order to discuss the dynamic change of phenolic acids contents in different parts and growth years ofCoptis chinensis. Contents of total phenolic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were determined by ferric chloride-ferricyanatum calcium colorimetric method and HPLC, respectively. The results showed that the content of total phenolic acid inCoptis chinensis was in the range from 98.435 mg·g-1 to 184.456 mg·g-1. The content of chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid was in the range from 0.176 mg·g-1 to 2.227 mg·g-1, and 0.039 mg·g-1 to 0.512 mg·g-1, respectively. It was concluded that the content of phenolic acids in different parts ofCoptis chinensis were significantly different. The phenolic acids contents in different parts of Coptis chinensis reached the highest two years after transplantation, and then it expressed downswing with the increasing of growth period.
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The fourth time national survey of Chinese materia medica (CMM) was used. The quadrat survey contained recording on species and amounts of plants, collection of specimens and CMM. The weight of main medicinal plant was measured. The quadrat numbers were calculated on regions, plant species and sea level of samples from different regions. There were 703 species of medicinal plants. The 143 species of main medicinal plants, which occupied to 74.5% in main medicinal plants in Chongqing, belonged to 71 families and 132 genera. There were 128 species of wild main medicinal plants. The 30 species of main medicinal plants were cultivated (including 15 species of both wild and cultivated medicinal plants). Among them, 14 species were in large-scale cultivation. This investigation helped the understanding of present situation of medicinal species distribution in Chengkou County, the habitats of wild medicinal plants, and the resources reserves, which provided references for the continuous development of Chinese herbal medicine resources.
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The resource of rare and endangered medicinal plant Swertia mussotii Franch. in Tibet, Qinghai and Sichuan province were surveyed by ways of documents, interview, quadrat and market investigation. The results indi-cated that Swertia mussotii Franch. mainly distributed in Zuogong and Mangkang of Tibet, Yushu of Qinghai province, Shiqu, Daofu, Kangding, Maerkang, Jinchuan and Xiaojin of Sichuan province. According to the height above sea level, the distribution altitude was from 2 300 m (Kangding of Sichuan province) to 3 900 m (Mangkang of Tibet). There are distributions of Swertia mussotii Franch. within the scope of 2 600 m. The illumination, water, soil, temperature and altitude had significant influence on the distribution, growth and reserve of Swertia mussotii Franch. from different angles. In recent years, there was huge increase of market requirement in Swertia mussotii Franch. which were used in Tibetan medicine Zangyinc he n. Excess collection was the primary cause of rapid decreasing in resource of Swertia mussotii Franch.. It was suggested to strengthen the management of rational collection, as well as to accelerate the development of cultivation and production.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the content of podophyllotoxin and total lignans in Sinopodophyllum emodi Ying from different areas and evaluate the resource utilization of this endangered medicinal plant.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>HPLC and UV spectrophotometry were used to determine the content of podophyllotoxin and total lignans in 126 samples from different habitats and the total lignans content was determined by the reference wavelength method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>According to the results, the highest content was determined from the samples from Yongdeng Nature Reserve in Gansu province, and the lowest ones was found in the samples from Tibet. The former's podophyllotoxin and total lignans contents were 7.40% and 20.66%, respectively, which were 19 times and 4 times more than those of the latter. The content of podophyllotoxin and total lignans in S. emodi were significantly positively related, meanwhile, samples from both low altitude and high latitude showed the higher content.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The two determination methods are simple, rapid, accurate and repeatable. It is more scientific and rational to evaluate the resource utilization of S. emodi with two indicators, those are the content of podophyllotoxin and the content of total lignans. This paper is instructive to the collection of wild resources and the establishment of production bases.</p>
Subject(s)
Berberidaceae , Chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Lignans , Podophyllotoxin , Spectrophotometry, UltravioletABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide a reference for the standardization of Tibetan medicine.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Investigating the hospital preparations , Tibetan formulated products, and the literature recorded preparations in the Tibetan, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces. Moreover, the varieties, original bases and standard conditions of these preparations were analyzed. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Tibetan medicine part of ministerial standard, Tibetan medicine standards and related monographs and literatures of Tibetan medicine.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>About 502 various of herbs were used in 711 hospital preparations from 40 medical institutions, Tibetan formulated products from Tibetan pharmaceutical factories, and 439 literature recorded preparations. About 154 herbs were used in more than 10 preparations, while most of them were Tibetan endemic species. About 416 medicinal varieties have the original documented basis, including 287 botanicals, 78 animal medicines, 51 mineral medicines, involving a total of 94 families, 261 genus and 643 species of botanical origin (including species of the next grade), 35 families, 52 genera and 61 species of the animal origin (including species of the next grade). About 122 varieties of herbs were cross-used in the traditional Chinese medicine and Tibetan medicine, about 80% of Tibetan medicinal varieties are produced in the Tibetan Areas of Tibet Plateau. About 293 medicinal varieties were contained in the above standards. Most of the herb's standards only contains character, indentification, and examination, except for 8 varieties which were recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010) as Tibetan medicine.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This study of quality standard of Tibetan medicine should have an emphasis on the general varieties, especially the study on the arrangement research and the efficacious material basis of the varieties and the original, as well as term standardization of the National Medicine.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Reference Standards , Medicine, Tibetan Traditional , Reference Standards , Plants, Medicinal , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish seedling classification criteria of Coptis chinensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The height of plant, leaf number, leaf length, leaf wide, weight of leaf, weight of root were measured, the main measurement indexes of seedlings of C. chinensis were chosen through correlation and regression analysis. The seedling classification criteria were formulated by dynamic clustering analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The criteria of the 1st-grade seedlings were as follows: leaf number above 8 leaves, height of plant between 12 and 14 cm. The criteria of the 2nd-grade seedlings were as follows: leaf number between 6 and 8 cm, height of plant between 9 and 12 cm. The criteria of the 3rd-grade seedlings were as follows: leaf number between 4 and 6 cm, height of plant above 9 cm.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The seedling classification criteria of C. chinensis was scientific and feasible, and can be used for the quality control standard of C. chinensis.</p>
Subject(s)
China , Cluster Analysis , Coptis , Classification , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Plant Leaves , Classification , Plant Roots , Classification , Plants, Medicinal , Classification , Seedlings , ClassificationABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the HPLC fingerprint for Halenia elliptica herbs, a traditional Tibetan medicine, in order to study constituents contained in H. elliptica from different habitats and compare their differences.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>HPLC analysis was made on a Welchrom-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) with water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The wavelength was detected as 265 nm, the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), and the column temperature was 40 degrees C. The software for chromatographic fingerprint was applied to analyze the similarity. And principal component analysis was conducted.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Twelve common chromatographic peaks were identified by fingerprint, showing a low similarity in constituent and variety. The significant difference in the proportion between xanthones and aglycones in each batch of herbs indicated no notable correlation between constituent characteristics and geographic locations of habitats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method is so simple, exclusive, stable and highly repeatable that it can provide reference for identification and quality assessment of H. elliptica herbs.</p>
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Ecosystem , Gentianaceae , Chemistry , ClassificationABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the dynamic accumulation of the effective components and biomass of Coptis chinensis, so to provide the experimental date of optimal harvest time for C. chinensis in Hongya county.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The samples of three to five years were gathered from the same field and time. The biomass was analyzed by weighed. The jatrorrhizine, columbamine, epiberberine, coptisine, palmatine and berberine in C. chinensis were analyzed by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>With the increasing of years of growth, the rootstalk biomass of C. chinensis was increasing continuously. The biomass growth of four-year-old C. chinensis was the fastest in the year. From September to October was the fastest season of the growth of rootstalk. The dynamic accumulation in rootstalk C. chinensis had regularity in the certain extend. The contents of six alkaloids and all alkaloids in 4-year-old C. chinensis were more than that in 3-years-old and 5-year-old. The contents of six alkaloids were mostly highest in August. From July to December, there is no significant difference in the contents of columbamine, epiberberine, coptisine, palmatine, berberine and all alkaloids in 4-years-old C. chinensis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>According to the biomass and the accumulation pattern of the effective components in the C. chinensis, the optimal harvest time is from September to October of 4-year-old C. chinensis.</p>
Subject(s)
Alkaloids , Biomass , Coptis , Chemistry , Metabolism , SeasonsABSTRACT
The resource of Sinopodophyllum emodi in Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan province were surveyed by the ways of documents, interview, quadrat and market investigation. The results indicated that S. emodi were mainly distributed in central part from Taibai Shan of Shanxi province along the middle and high mountain on either side of Hengduan mountain which from north to south and in Tibetan plateau of China, the suitable eco-environment of S. emodi was dominated by valleys, wet forests and low bush-woods vegetation which comparatively dry on plateau with the altitude focused on 1 5004 500 meters, and the distribution density of simple alpine meadow was relatively lower. Illumination, water, soil, temperature and altitude had significant influences on the growth, distribution and reserves of S. emodi from different angles. In recent years, there was sharp increase of market requirement in Xiaoyelian (fruit) which were used in Tibetan medicine and the underground part which was used for the extraction of podophyllotoxin, excess collection of the underground part was the primary cause of the rapid decreasing resource of S. emodi. It is suggested that the management of rational collection should be strengthen and the development of culturing and production should be meanwhile accelerated.
Subject(s)
Berberidaceae , China , Conservation of Natural Resources , Economics , Endangered Species , Economics , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a HPLC method to determine the content of jatrorrhizine, palmatine, berberine, and obacunone in Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex simultaneously. MEHTOD: The separations were carried out at 25 degrees C on a Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) eluted with acetonitril and water containing 0.1% phosphoric acid in gradient mode. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), detection wavelengthes were 345 nm for jatrorrhizine , palmatine, berberine and 210 nm for obacunone.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The average recoveries of jatrorrhizine, palmatine, berberine, and obacunone were 98.94%, 101.17%, 96.22% and 98.90%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method is simple, accurate and repeatable, and can be used in content determination of jatrorrhizine, palmatine, berberine, and obacunone in Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex.</p>
Subject(s)
Benzoxepins , Berberine , Berberine Alkaloids , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Limonins , Phellodendron , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To improve the determination method of Cassiae Semen in China Pharmacopeia edition 2005. MMETHOD: Aurantio-obtusin and chrysophanol were separated on an Inertsil ODS-3 column with acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solutiona as mobile phase in gradient elution.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The linear ranges of aurantio-obtusin and chrysophanol were 2.3-230, 2.87-286 mg x L(-1), respectively. The average recover were 100.3% (RSD 3.1%), and 99.5% (RSD 2.5%) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method is specific, accurate and reproducible, and can be used for the assay of Cassiae Semen in the new edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia.</p>
Subject(s)
Anthraquinones , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Cinnamomum aromaticum , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To breed and spread a new cultivar of Artemisia annua.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The excellent germplasm resources of A. annua in the main production area of Artemisia were collected, and the improved germplasm were screened, the content of artemisinin was determined, and yield per plant was measured. The systematically maternal line and seed production techniques of mass selection were applied combined with the variety test, variety regional test trials and production trials for breeding and spreading the new cultivars of artemisia.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The popularization and experiment illustrated the production of the new species reached 3 000 kg x hm(-2), compared with wild A. annua it increased 10% -14%. The content of artemisinin reached more than 1%, increased more than 0.2%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is proved that the systematically maternal line and seed production techniques of mass selection can significantly improve the quality of A. annua and it is an acceptable way to cultivate new variety. By production verification, it is practicable and high technical and economic benefits to popularize the new cultivar "Yu-Qing No. 1" of A. annua.</p>
Subject(s)
Antimalarials , Pharmacology , Artemisia annua , Chemistry , Genetics , Artemisinins , Pharmacology , Breeding , MethodsABSTRACT
A HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of 1-hydroxy-2, 3, 4, 7-trimethoxyxanthone (1), 1-hydroxy-2,3, 7- trimethoxyxanthone (2), 1-hydroxy-2, 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyxanthone (3), and 1-hydroxy-2, 3, 5- trimethoxyxanthone (4) in Halenia elliptica. The analytical column was Welchrom C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase was acetonitrile- water (43:57). The detection wavelength was 265 nm. The flow rate was 1 mL x min(-1) and the column temperature was set at 40 degrees C. There was good linearity between the peak areas and concentration at the ranges of 0.414-16.6, 1.73-69.6, 5.89-117, 3.01-120.5 mg x L(-1) for 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The average recoveries (n = 6) of 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 102.5%, 100.5%, 97.9% and 101.2%. Those four xanthones in thirty samples of H. elliptica. were determined by this method. The method is simple, accurate, repeatable, which could be used for the quality evaluation of H. elliptica. The total content of those four xanthones in H. elliptica should not less than 1.80% by comprehensive analysis.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Gentianaceae , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Tibet , XanthonesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clarify the relevance of amino acid content in cultivated Cordyceps and cultivation materials.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The content of amino acid was determined with L-8800 amino acid analyzer, and the relevance of amino acid content was analyzed with SPSS.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>Except mycelium of the C. sinensis or the blood-lymph of the larva, the cultivated Cordyceps and the main relevant cultivation materials had detected to contain all kinds of amino acids. Except among the mycelium, the blood-lymph of the larva, the part of the larva or of the stroma of cultivated Cordyceps, there was distinct relevance of amino acid contents in cultivated Cordyceps and the cultivation materials (P<0.01).</p>